The End Of Knowledge - Vault 6/64 - CVPR - 2021 - Cryospheric Science and Emergence of Machine Learning

graph LR classDef cryosphere fill:#f9d4d4, font-weight:bold, font-size:14px classDef climate fill:#d4f9d4, font-weight:bold, font-size:14px classDef impacts fill:#d4d4f9, font-weight:bold, font-size:14px classDef solutions fill:#f9f9d4, font-weight:bold, font-size:14px A[Cryospheric Science and
Emergence of Machine
Learning] --> B[Cryosphere
Components] A --> C[Climate
Change] A --> D[Impacts
and
Risks] A --> E[Solutions
and
Strategies] B --> B1[Earths frozen
water
components. 1] B --> B2[Glaciers, permafrost,
sea ice,
snow. 12] B --> B3[Reflectivity of
snow and
ice. 13] B --> B4[Melting/freezing
affects
climate. 14] B --> B5[Thawing releases
stored
carbon. 15] B --> B6[Meltwater influences
global
currents. 16] C --> C1[Accelerating global
warming
trend. 2] C --> C2[Human-driven
climate
warming. 5] C --> C3[CO2 disrupts
radiation
budget. 6] C --> C4[More frequent
intense climate
extremes. 7] C --> C5[Sustainable Development
Goals: UN
targets. 10] C --> C6[2015 climate
change
treaty. 11] D --> D1[Rapid warming
and sea ice
loss. 9] D --> D2[Thermal expansion
and melting
ice. 8] D --> D3[Risk from sea
level
rise. 23] D --> D4[Socio-economic impacts
through various
services. 27] D --> D5[Loss threatens
unique
cultures. 29] D --> D6[Melting leads
to water
scarcity. 22] E --> E1[Methods to cope
with
impacts. 28] E --> E2[Water, climate regulation,
cultural
values. 18] E --> E3[Expanded observation
networks
needed. 25] E --> E4[Snow and ice
in high
mountains. 20] E --> E5[Himalayas, Tibetan Plateau
water
supply. 21] E --> E6[Chinas integrated
cryosphere
studies. 30] class A,B,B1,B2,B3,B4,B5,B6 cryosphere class C,C1,C2,C3,C4,C5,C6 climate class D,D1,D2,D3,D4,D5,D6 impacts class E,E1,E2,E3,E4,E5,E6 solutions

Resume:

1.- Cryosphere: Earth's surface components containing frozen water, including glaciers, ice sheets, permafrost, sea ice, and snow cover.

2.- Climate change: Global warming trend observed over the past century, especially accelerating in recent decades.

3.- IPCC: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, assesses climate change science and impacts.

4.- Climate system: Interaction of atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, cryosphere, and biosphere leading to complex climate dynamics.

5.- Anthroposphere: Human influence now considered a major driver of climate warming.

6.- Greenhouse gases: Emissions from human activities disrupting Earth's radiation budget, with CO2 as primary contributor.

7.- Extreme weather events: Increasing frequency and intensity of heat waves, storms, and other climate extremes due to global warming.

8.- Sea level rise: Ongoing increase in global sea levels due to thermal expansion and melting ice sheets/glaciers.

9.- Arctic changes: Rapid warming and sea ice loss in the Arctic region, with cascading global impacts.

10.- Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): UN targets for addressing global challenges by 2030, including climate action.

11.- Paris Agreement: International treaty on climate change mitigation, adaptation, and finance adopted in 2015.

12.- Cryosphere components: Include continental (glaciers, permafrost), marine (sea ice, ice shelves), and aerial (snow, ice crystals) elements.

13.- Albedo effect: High reflectivity of snow and ice surfaces influences Earth's energy balance.

14.- Phase change energy: Large energy transfers during melting/freezing of ice and snow affect climate.

15.- Permafrost carbon: Thawing permafrost releases stored carbon, potentially accelerating global warming through positive feedback.

16.- Ocean circulation: Meltwater from ice influences global ocean currents, redistributing heat between low and high latitudes.

17.- Water resources: Cryosphere plays crucial role in freshwater supply, especially in arid and semi-arid regions.

18.- Cryosphere services: Benefits humans derive from cryosphere, including water supply, climate regulation, and cultural values.

19.- Cryosphere science structure: Integrates mechanisms, changes, impacts, adaptation, and sustainability across multiple disciplines.

20.- Global water towers: High mountain regions with snow and ice providing crucial water resources to surrounding populations.

21.- Third Pole: Asian high mountain region, including Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau, critical for water supply to billions.

22.- Supply-demand imbalance: Melting mountain cryosphere may lead to water scarcity in dependent downstream regions.

23.- Coastal vulnerability: Low-lying coastal areas at risk from sea level rise, especially in Asia.

24.- Long-term sea level projections: Potential for multi-meter rise if Greenland and West Antarctic ice sheets melt completely.

25.- Cryosphere monitoring: Need for expanded observation networks to better understand key processes and mechanisms.

26.- Cross-disciplinary approach: Integration of natural and social sciences for addressing cryosphere-related challenges.

27.- Cryosphere-human wellbeing links: Connections between cryosphere changes and socio-economic impacts through various services and hazards.

28.- Adaptation strategies: Developing methods to cope with and mitigate impacts of cryosphere changes.

29.- Cultural impacts: Loss of ice threatening unique cultures and ways of life in cryosphere-dependent regions.

30.- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science: China's pioneering research institution focusing on integrated cryosphere studies.

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