The End Of Knowledge - Vault 6/61 - CVPR - 2021 - Encoding and Decoding Speech From the Human Brain

graph LR classDef main fill:#f9d4d4, font-weight:bold, font-size:14px classDef brain fill:#d4f9d4, font-weight:bold, font-size:14px classDef tech fill:#d4d4f9, font-weight:bold, font-size:14px classDef research fill:#f9f9d4, font-weight:bold, font-size:14px classDef methods fill:#f9d4f9, font-weight:bold, font-size:14px A[Encoding and Decoding
Speech From the
Human Brain] A --> B[Brain and
Speech Production] B --> C[Speech motor
cortex controls movements 1] B --> D[Cushing mapped
motor cortex 2] B --> E[Speech production
process 3] B --> F[Brain area
controls pitch 5] B --> G[Brain encodes
speech primitives 6] A --> H[Speech Neuroprosthetics] H --> I[Restores communication
for injured 7] H --> J[Two-part decoder:
brain-to-speech 9] H --> K[BRAVO clinical
trial 12] H --> L[Algorithm detects
speech attempt 13] H --> M[Neural network
classifies words 14] A --> N[Research Methods] N --> O[Epilepsy patients:
brain study 4] N --> P[Biomimetic approach
reduces data 10] N --> Q[Sequence-to-sequence learning
decodes brain 11] N --> R[Transfer learning
across individuals 16] N --> S[Increasing electrodes
improves signals 18] A --> T[Challenges and
Debates] T --> U[Locked-in syndrome:
cognition without movement 8] T --> V[Phoneme vs
articulatory decoding 17] T --> W[Non-invasive BCI
lacks resolution 20] T --> X[Data collection
from patients challenging 21] T --> Y[Predictive power
vs interpretability 28] A --> Z[Future Directions] Z --> AA[Neuralink develops
advanced interface 19] Z --> AB[Medical neuroprosthetics
available soon 23] Z --> AC[Memory enhancement
devices researched 24] Z --> AD[Neural networks
model brain 27] Z --> AE[Context improves
decoding accuracy 30] class A main class B,C,D,E,F,G brain class H,I,J,K,L,M tech class N,O,P,Q,R,S methods class T,U,V,W,X,Y research class Z,AA,AB,AC,AD,AE methods

Resume:

1.- Speech motor cortex: Area of brain controlling vocal tract movements for speech production.

2.- Harvey Cushing's discovery: Mapped motor cortex over 100 years ago, showing body parts representation.

3.- Speech production process: Air from lungs, vocal fold vibration, filtered by vocal tract shape.

4.- Epilepsy patient research: Implanted electrodes allow study of brain activity during speech.

5.- Vocal pitch control: Specific brain area discovered for controlling vocal pitch in speech and singing.

6.- Articulatory trajectories: Brain encodes low-dimensional speech primitives for coordinated vocal tract movements.

7.- Speech neuroprosthetics: Technology to restore speech for those with neurological injuries affecting communication.

8.- Locked-in syndrome: Condition where patients retain cognition but are unable to move or communicate.

9.- Two-part decoder: System translating brain activity to vocal tract movements, then to synthesized speech.

10.- Biomimetic approach: Using intermediate articulatory representation reduces required training data for speech synthesis.

11.- Sequence-to-sequence learning: Technique adapted from machine translation for decoding text from brain activity.

12.- BRAVO trial: Clinical trial for speech neuroprosthetics in paralyzed individuals.

13.- Speech detection algorithm: Identifies when the patient is attempting to speak a word.

14.- Word classification: Uses recurrent neural network to determine probabilities of intended words.

15.- Language model integration: Improves accuracy by considering word probabilities and sentence context.

16.- Transfer learning: Applying learned representations from one person's model to another's.

17.- Phoneme vs. articulatory approach: Debate between using linguistic units or physiological movements for decoding.

18.- Electrode resolution: Increasing number and coverage of electrodes for better brain signal capture.

19.- Neuralink: Elon Musk's company developing advanced brain-computer interface technology.

20.- Non-invasive BCI limitations: Current non-invasive methods lack resolution for effective speech decoding.

21.- Training data collection: Challenges in obtaining ground truth data from non-speaking patients.

22.- Feedback incorporation: Potential for using decoded output as feedback to improve model performance.

23.- Commercial prospects: Expectation of commercially available medical speech neuroprosthetics within 10 years.

24.- Memory enhancement: Research into devices that could improve memory function.

25.- Physics simulation: Potential use of vocal tract simulations to augment training data.

26.- Brain's noise filtering: Superior ability of human brain to filter out background noise in speech perception.

27.- Neural networks in neuroscience: Increasing use of neural networks to model and predict brain activity.

28.- Interpretation challenges: Debate over prioritizing predictive power vs. interpretability in brain models.

29.- Visual system modeling: Correspondence between deep neural network layers and visual cortex processing stages.

30.- Context-based decoding: Using prior knowledge of conversation context to improve decoding accuracy.

Knowledge Vault built byDavid Vivancos 2024