Concept Graph & Resume using Claude 3 Opus | Chat GPT4 | Llama 3:

Resume:

1.-Paralysis affects about 50 million people globally due to various conditions like stroke, spinal cord injury, ALS, and multiple sclerosis.

2.-Brain-machine interfaces can help people with severe paralysis, consisting of a sensor, decoder, and assistive technology.

3.-Sensors range from invasive intracortical electrodes recording single neurons to less invasive epidural electrodes recording from many neurons.

4.-Stent electrodes placed in brain blood vessels without craniotomy could record neural signals while being less invasive than intracortical electrodes.

5.-The idea of intravascular neural recording has been around since 1973, with demonstrations in 1998, but no chronic implantable device existed.

6.-The stentrode is a stent with electrodes that can be implanted through blood vessels and remain chronically to record neural signals.

7.-A catheter is used to deploy the stentrode in the desired brain blood vessel location.

8.-Sheep studies showed stentrodes could record somatosensory evoked potentials over 1 year, with signals improving as the device incorporated into the vessel.

9.-Histology and imaging revealed stentrodes allowed blood vessel remodeling and tissue growth similar to foreign body response to conventional brain electrodes.

10.-Blood flow measurements showed an initial expansion of the vessel diameter post-implantation followed by a reduction to slightly below baseline by day 28.

11.-Computational modeling revealed a relationship between stentrode strut thickness, tissue growth, and wall shear stress that warrants further optimization.

12.-Preclical data enabled the first human stentrode trial, with the device delivered through the jugular vein and placed in the superior sagittal sinus.

13.-The stentrode connects to a wireless transmitter in the chest, allowing motor intention decoding for computer cursor control at home.

14.-The journey from initial concept to first human trial spanned many years and iterative improvements.

15.-A participant is shown controlling a computer using an eye tracker for cursor movement and the stentrode for "click" commands.

16.-Another participant uses the stentrode alone for cursor control and clicking to use communication and entertainment applications.

17.-Many collaborators were involved in the stentrode development over the past decade, with trials ongoing in the US.

18.-Early stentrode prototypes used commercially available stents with externally attached platinum electrodes and wires.

19.-Current stentrodes use monolithic thin-film multi-metal deposition, with polymer stents under investigation but not yet tested in humans.

20.-Minimum blood vessel diameter for stentrode implantation is estimated around 4-5 mm, with research needed on use in smaller vessels.

21.-Human stentrode trials so far have only implanted in the superior sagittal sinus, but various cerebral veins were tested in animals.

22.-Stentrode recipients with ALS have been implanted over 1 year, with the potential for lifelong implantation based on intracranial stenting for other conditions.

23.-Subdural arrays showed higher signal bandwidth than epidural and stentrode arrays, attributable to closer proximity to the brain.

24.-Decoding performance of epidural, subdural and stentrode arrays were comparable in sheep, but expected to be lower than intracortical arrays.

25.-ECG artifact was an issue with early stentrode recordings but addressed through improved referencing in later trials.

26.-No major adverse events related to stentrode implantation were observed, only minor discomfort at the implantation site in some cases.

27.-Neuromodulation and brain stimulation are key areas of future research for stentrodes, which could enable less invasive treatment of conditions like Parkinson's disease.

28.-Arterial implantation of stentrodes carries additional risks compared to venous implantation and requires long-term preclinical safety studies.

29.-Tissue overgrowth has not impacted stentrode chronic recording, with signals tending to improve over the first 14-28 days post-implantation.

30.-Key challenges remain in decoding more complex signals from stentrodes and understanding the long-term safety of intravascular neuromodulation.

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